class12th CHAPTER – 11 : BIOTECHNOLOGY : PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to humans. The definition given by EFB (European Federation of Biotechnology) is as follows; ‘The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services’. Principles of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering: Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA), to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the host organism. Maintenance of sterile ambience in chemical engineering processes to enable growth of only the desired microbe / eukaryotic cell in large quantities for the manufacture of biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, etc. The techniques of genetic engineering which include creation of recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning and gene transfer,h...